• Cara Membaca Psychrometric Chart Pdf
• Cara Membaca Psikometrik Chart Printable

Pengertian Diagram Pareto dan Cara Membuatnya – Diagram Pareto merupakan salah satu tools (alat) dari QC 7 Tools yang sering digunakan dalam hal pengendalian Mutu. Pada dasarnya, Diagram Pareto adalah grafik batang yang menunjukkan masalah berdasarkan urutan banyaknya jumlah kejadian. The psychrometric chart: Step 1. Locate the dry bulb tem- perature along the bottom axis and the associated vertical line for each temperature. This scale will be.

When it comes to creating control charts, it's generally good to collect data in subgroups, if possible. But sometimes gathering subgroups of measurements isn't an option. Measurements may be too expensive. Production volume may be too low. Products may have a long cycle time.

In many of those cases, you can use an I-MR chart. Like all control charts, the I-MR chart has three main uses:

1. Monitoring the stability of a process.
   Even very stable processes have some variation, and when you try to fix minor fluctuations in a process you can actually cause instability. An I-MR chart can alert you to changes that reveal a problem you should address.
   
2. Determining whether a process is stable and ready to be improved.
   When you change an unstable process, you can't accurately assess the effect of the changes. An I-MR chart can confirm (or deny) the stability of your process before you implement a change.
   
3. Demonstrating improved process performance.
   Need to show that a process has been improved? Before-and-after I-MR charts can provide that proof.

The I-MR is really two charts in one. At the top of the graph is an Individuals (I) chart, which plots the values of each individual observation, and provides a means to assess process center.

The bottom part of the graph is a Moving Range (MR) chart, which plots process variation as calculated from the ranges of two or more successive observations.

The green line on each chart represents the mean, while the red lines show the upper and lower control limits. An in-control process shows only random variation within the control limits. An out-of-control process has unusual variation, which may be due to the presence of special causes.

Creating the I-MR Chart

Let's say you work for a chemical company, and you need to assess whether the pH value for a custom solution is within acceptable limits. The solution is made in batches, so you can only take one pH measurement per batch and the data cannot be subgrouped. This is an ideal situation for an I-MR chart.

So you measure pH for 25 consecutive batches. Preparing this data for the I-MR chart couldn't be easier: just list your measurements in a single column, in the order you collected them. (To follow along, please download this data set and, if you don't already have it, the free trial of our statistical software.)

Choose Stat > Control Charts > Variables Charts for Individuals > I-MR and select pH as the Variable. If you enter more than one column in Variables, no problem -- Minitab will simply produce multiple I-MR charts. Dialog box options let you add labels, split the chart into stages, subset the data , and more.

You're want to catch any possible special cause of variation, so click I-MR Options, and then choose Tests. Choose 'Perform all tests for special causes,' and then click OK in each dialog box.

The tests for special causes detect points beyond the control limits and specific patterns in the data.

• When an observation fails a test, Minitab reports it in the Session window and marks it on the I chart. A failed point indicates a nonrandom pattern in the data that should be investigated.
  
• When no points are displayed under the test results, no observations failed the tests for special causes.

Interpreting the I-MR Chart, part 1: The MR Chart

Cara Membaca Psychrometric Chart Pdf

Here's the I-MR chart for your pH data:

Cara Membaca Psikometrik Chart Printable

First examine the MR chart, which tells you whether the process variation is in control. If the MR chart is out of control, the control limits on the I chart will be inaccurate. That means any lack of control in the I chart may be due to unstable variation, not actual changes in the process center. If the MR chart is in control, you can be sure that an out-of-control I chart is due to changes in the process center.

Points that fail Minitab's tests are marked with a red symbol on the MR chart. In this MR chart, the lower and upper control limits are 0 and 0.4983, and none of the individual observations fall outside those limits.The points also display a random pattern. So the process variation is in control, and it is appropriate to examine the I Chart.

Interpreting the I-MR Chart, part 2: The I Chart

The individuals (I) chart assesses whether the process center is in control. Unfortunately, this I chart doesn't look as good as the MR chart did:

Minitab conducts up to eight special-cause variation tests for the I chart, and marks problem observations with a red symbol and the number of the failed test. The graph tells you three observations failed two tests. The Minitab Session Window tells you why each point was flagged:

Observation 8 failed Test 1, which tests for points more than 3 standard deviations from the center line -- the strongest evidence that a process is out of control. Observations 20 and 21 failed Test 5, which tests for a run of two out of three points with the same sign that fall more than two standard deviations from the center line. Test 5 provides additional sensitivity for detecting smaller shifts in process mean.

This I-MR chart indicates that the process average is unstable and the process is out of control, possibly due to the presence of special causes.

Now What?

The I-MR chart for pH may not be what you wanted to see, but now you know there may be a problem that needs to be addressed. That's the whole purpose of the control chart! Next, you can try to identify and correct the factors contributing to this special-cause variation. Until these causes are eliminated, the process cannot achieve a state of statistical control.

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Each crane has a load chart that, in short, specifies the crane’s capabilities—detailing its features and how its lift capacity varies when considering distance and angle. Just like the old saying ‘if you fail to plan, you plan to fail,’ failing to consult a crane load chart before renting or employing a crane for a specific job could leave you with too much or too little capacity for your job.

Before a crane is rented, transported, employed or purchased, the crane chart must be consulted. Everyone, from the crane operator, to the job supervisors, to even the sales guys have to know how to read a crane chart. Here’s how.

To illustrate how to read a crane chart, we’ve chosen the chart for the Terex RT345XL, a rough terrain crane with a maximum lift capacity of 45 tons.

1. DIMENSIONS and WEIGHT - The chart shows the crane dimensions. It includes data for operation with the outriggers extended, transport weight, and steering dimensions. Knowledge of this information is especially critical if the crane will be working in a confined space, as the lifting capacity varies depending on whether the outriggers are extended. The transport weight (below) determines the trailer to be used, how to load the crane on the trailer, the route to take, and what permits are required to get it to the jobsite.
Along the top axis, the first number is the gross vehicle weight. In the other two columns, the arrows indicate the weight load for each axle depending on what additional accessories are loaded.

2. LIFT CAPACITY - This is where the magic happens. In the legend at the top of the chart, you can see these ratings apply when using 6.5 tons of counterweight, with the outriggers extended to 22 x 22.3 feet. Here, you’d graph out the specific lift the crane is needed for. The ‘ft.’ indicator on the left axis represents the radius, the distance from the center pin to the center of the load.

EXAMPLE: You need to lift a load of 15 tons (30,000 pounds) a distance of 25 feet. The distance is measured from the center pin of the crane to the center of the load. Once you determine the distance, look on that line for the largest capacity; that will indicate how many feet of boom must be extended. In this case, it is 45 feet.

It’s important to note that the maximum capacity is always measured by the shortest lift, usually over the rear of the crane, and with the outriggers fully extended. While the Terex RT345 has a maximum capacity of 45 tons, lifts at any distance or height drops the maximum capacity dramatically.

3. LIFT RANGE - Just as important as lift capacity is lift range. For that, a range diagram is usually included in every chart which illustrates how much boom length is needed to pick up and lift a load both at a distance and at height.

EXAMPLE: You need to pick up a load at 25 feet and lift it to the top of a five-story, 65-foot building. Consulting the range diagram, 69 feet of boom is required to make the lift.

4. LIFT ANGLE - This chart illustrates the maximum lift if a luffing or fixed jib is used. Lifts with jib lengths of 32 and 49 feet (in addition to boom extension of 105 feet) are illustrated. With higher angles of lift, the maximum load capacity decreases. With a luffing jib, the angle can be automatically adjusted from the operators cab. With a fixed jib, of course, the angle is fixed.

5. CRANE IN MOTION - This illustrates the lift capacity for a pick and carry. Here, the chart illustrates the total weight able to be picked up at a 360-degree angle while stationary on wheels, the total weight being able to be supported both while slowly rolling with the load at a zero degree angle (creep), and the total weight able to be supported while moving at 2.5 miles per hour. The column to the left again indicates the radius of the lift, the one to the far right, the maximum boom length each weight can be carried at.